APA style

How to Cite the Purdue OWL in APA

Individual Resources

Contributors' names and the last edited date can be found in the orange boxes at the top of every page on the OWL.

Contributors' names (Last edited date). Title of resource. Retrieved from http://Web address for OWL resource

Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderlund, L., & Brizee, A. (2010, May 5). General format. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

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Citation

In-Text Citations: The Basics

Summary:

APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6^th edition, second printing of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (6^th ed., 2^nd printing).

Contributors: Joshua M. Paiz, Elizabeth Angeli, Jodi Wagner, Elena Lawrick, Kristen Moore, Michael Anderson, Lars Soderlund, Allen Brizee, Russell Keck
Last Edited: 2018-02-21 02:50:04

Reference citations in text are covered on pages 169-179 of the Publication Manual. What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay.

Note: APA style requires authors to use the past tense or present perfect tense when using signal phrases to describe earlier research, for example, Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found...

APA citation basics

When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference. All sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining

• Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones.
• If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence and Change. Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media, There Is Nothing Left to Lose.
  (Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media.)
• When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born Cyborgs.
• Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's Vertigo."
• Italicize the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, television series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends.
• Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited collections, television series episodes, and song titles: "Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds;" "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."

Short quotations

If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).

Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?

If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.

She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

Long quotations

Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-standing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

Jones's (1998) study found the following:

Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

Summary or paraphrase

If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number (although it is not required.)

According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

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In Cuba I was a German Shepherd

 "In Cuba I was a German Shepherd," by Ana Menendez, talks about the sorrow of powerlessness that two Cubans, Raul and Maximo, and two Dominicans, Carlos and Antonio, have to undergo in American society. 
        In the story, Maximo has a dream and he shares it with others. In the dream, Juanito, who just came to America from Cuba, walks down the street and talks to a white puppy that he met in America, saying, "I would like to marry you, my love, and have gorgeous puppies with you and live in a castle" (54).  Then, the white poodle says, "I am a refined breed of considerable class and you are nothing but a short, insignificant mutt" (54). When Juanito hears her, he tells her, "Here in America, I may be a short, insignificant mutt, but in Cuba I was a German shepherd" (54). 
            In the story, the white puppies and Juanito are metaphors for American people and Cuban people. The American people (white puppies) think that they are superior to Cubans; therefore, they look down on Cubans. The story of Juanito is based on Maximo's life. Even though Maximo is a short, insignificant mutt in America, he had a prestigious job, honor, and fortune in Cuba and, thus, was a German shepherd there. 
            No matter who they were and how powerful they were in their countries, in America, immigrants such as Maximo have to start a new life again from the bottom. Maximo was a professor in Cuba. In America, however, he operates a restaurant. Furthermore, he who was a German shepherd feels the sorrow of powerlessness by being ignored. The loss of one's voice is a sad result of being at the bottom of the social ranking.  A valued breed, a German Shepherd, becomes a neglected species, one without identity.  In his dream, his lack of power is represented by his inability to procreate.  Having no heir is an historical demonstration of being without power; the beautiful white poodle insults his humanity when she says he is not a worthy mate.         

          Maximo, like many modern immigrants to the US, worked very hard in his country to establish a good station in life.  On arriving to America, though, he had to start over from the bottom.  In his new country he has a few friends but no one of strong social clout.  His previous connections in Cuba cannot push him back into the upper class.  He is powerless compared with his former Cuban life.  Everything he worked for in Cuba disappeared.  

      The one thing that makes immigrants particularly sad is not their lower social position and reduced wages compared to the ones of their country, but the White people's disrespectful and negligent attitude toward them. Playing dominoes, the game which is the heritage of their countries, Cuba and the Dominican Republic, and sharing their bitter and happy moments that they experienced in their own countries are their ways of dispelling the sadness that they feel in American society as immigrants.

https://ethnicamericangyeongah.weebly.com/in-cuba-i-was-a-german-shepherd.html





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"In Cuba I was a German Shepherd" by Ana Menendez is one of the most powerful pieces of the four, in my opinion. The most dynamic and complex, this short story oozed companionship, memories, and that sense of familiarity we all crave. Maximo and Raul are friends for life. Their friendship is what inspired my overall theme for the Society unit. You see their friendship runs deep, in the way they remember the past, but also remain friends in the present. 

Raul and Maximo had lived on the same El Vedado street in Havana for fifteen years before the revolution. Raul had been a government accountant and Maximo a professor at the University, two blocks from his home on L Street. They weren't close friends, but friendly still in that way of people who come from the same place and think they already know the important things about one another. (17)

Raul and Maximo's companionship was based mostly on the fact, as the quote suggests, that they came from the same place. That they both, would be alone without the other. It is always nice to have that sense of familiarity when far from home, or what you consider your home. Cuba was that for Raul and Maximo. In America, things are different, they don't touch the senses in the same way they did back in their home land of Cuba. 

In Cuba, the stories always began, life was good and pure. But something always happened to them in the end, something withering, malignant. Maximo never understood it. The stories that opened in sun, always narrowed into a dark place. And after those nights, his head throbbing, Maximo would turn and turn in his sleep and awake unable to remember his dreams. (18)

The companionship of the two men and their friends with whom they play dominoes, is a way to stay connected to what they left behind, what they lost. They need this familiarity. Making it in a place, so different from where you are from is difficult, but with a companion, with a sense of familiarity, it can be done. Nobody wants to feel lonely. 

Here in America, I may be a short, insignificant mutt, but in Cuba I was a German shepherd. (26)

 https://krystalc.weebly.com/in-cuba-i-was-a-german-shepherd-by-ana-menendez.html

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Fafsa

https://fafsa.ed.gov/

boihlekpa007@gmail.com
KHenno2017

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